Gallstones

Gallstones are hardened deposits that form in the gallbladder, a small organ located beneath the liver. They are typically made up of cholesterol or bilirubin, a pigment produced during the breakdown of red blood cells. Gallstones can range in size from tiny grains to larger, golf ball-sized structures. While some individuals may have gallstones without experiencing any symptoms, they can become problematic if they obstruct the flow of bile from the gallbladder.

When gallstones block the bile duct, they can lead to various symptoms and complications. The most common symptom of gallstones is abdominal pain, typically occurring in the upper right or middle abdomen. The pain can be intense and may last for several hours, often triggered by fatty or greasy meals. Other symptoms may include nausea, vomiting, bloating, indigestion, and jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes). In severe cases, gallstones can cause inflammation of the gallbladder (cholecystitis) or block the bile ducts, leading to complications such as bile duct infection (cholangitis) or pancreatitis.

Treatment for gallstones depends on the severity of symptoms and the risk of complications. In cases where gallstones are asymptomatic, no treatment may be necessary. However, if symptoms are present or if complications are likely, medical intervention may be required. This can involve medications to dissolve the stones, certain procedures such as endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) or laparoscopic cholecystectomy (surgical removal of the gallbladder), or in more complex cases, open surgery. Lifestyle changes, such as maintaining a healthy weight, following a balanced diet, and avoiding rapid weight loss, may also help prevent the formation of gallstones.

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